NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER AND REHABILITATIVE APPROACH

Neurological disorder is becoming very common nowadays. Some of us might have faced in the family or in their surroundings with the neurological problems. It is due to increased urbanization, sedative life, increased rate of accident, food habit, increased depression and stress, involvement of hereditary disorder, congenital problems and many more.

We can broadly divide the neurological disorder into two groups:

1) Upper motor neuron disorder (UMN)-Under spastic category

2) Lower motor neuron disorder(LMN)-Under flaccid category

We can generalise the neurological disorder into followings:

1) Infectious disorder: Encephalitis, Meningitis, Polio, Epidural abscess etc.

2) Trauma : Head injury,spinal cord injury(Rx depend upon the level of lesions)

3) Neuromuscular disorder : Facial palsy, Bell's palsy,Cervical spondylosis, Carpel tunnel syndrome, Peripheral neuropathy, Diabetic neuropathy, Muscular dystrophy, Mysathenia gravis, Gullian Barre Syndrome etc.

4) Degenerative disorders: Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's chorea, Alzheimer's Disease etc.

5) Functional disorders: Headache, Seizure, Dizziness, Neuralgia etc.

General Neurological Rehabilitation Program:

1. Promote activity of daily living (ADL)

2. Gait, Posture and Balance training

3. Speech therapy

4. Bladder and Bowel training

5. Counseling

6. Improve muscle and balance training in different parts of the body, Starting from head, Shoulder girdle, Trunk, Pelvis, Lower extremities

7. Therapeutic exercises to improve function, movement, coordination, range of motion

8. Reduce spasticity, flaccidity by the mobilization, manipulation

9. Reduce pain by the electrical modalities

10. Improve Respiration by different Respiratory techniques

11. Social skill training

12. Improve cognition impairments like difficulty in Concentration, Attention, Coordination, Judgement etc

13. Education regarding the patients problem and awareness of their disease

14. Proper home advice

Above mentioned points are all the basic therapeutic programmes for the neurological conditions. I hope this programs may aware my readers about the Neurological problems and its rehabilitation in general. I hope this will benefit the patient from my effort through your voice and help.Only clinical advice has to be followed in the home Lets approach the patient with empathetic approach rather then sympathetic.

(Written by: Anupama Poudel)

TALKING ABOUT SLEEPING !!!

Have you ever watched someone sleep and wondered what he or she was dreaming? The person’s outward appearance would never give it away: slow breathing, eyes occasionally fluttering, but mostly the very picture of peace and stillness. But, appearances can be deceiving. When people sleep, there’s a lot more going on than meets the eye. The notion of sleep as the body’s ultimate “down time” has some truth to it, but sleep is also an active process, in which the brain can be remarkably active, even if the body remains (mostly) immobile.

What’s Going On During Sleep?
There is much about sleep that remains mysterious, but experts divide it into two main categories, based on observations of sleeping persons and recordings of the brain’s electrical activity during sleep:
Non-REM sleep– This is divided into four stages, with Stage 1 the lightest and Stage 4 the deepest.
Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep - During REM sleep, dreaming is common, muscles (other than the eyes) are inactive, and electrical activity in the brain is similar to that of an awake person. The blood pressure and heart and breathing rates may suddenly increase for short periods of time, just as they do during wakefulness
During a typical eight-hour period of sleep, a person drifts from wakefulness to Stage 1 non-REM sleep, through Stages 2, 3 and 4 and finally REM sleep over the first several hours. During the last half of the night, REM sleep and Stage 2 sleep alternate for 90 to 120 minutes each. As we age, brief awakenings increase in frequency, while deeper stages of non-REM sleep decrease.

Why Do We Sleep?

The function of sleep is not entirely clear, but researchers believe that REM sleep is important for solidifying memories, and perhaps for even more critical functions. Rodents completely deprived of REM sleep die after a few weeks. Non-REM sleep, meanwhile, seems to be important in providing a sense of restored energy and ability to concentrate during the day. A number of theories about sleep attempt to explain its role or roles: a restorative for the mind and body in preparation for the day ahead; or a way of reducing energy consumption, to save energy for activities occurring during the day. Some scientists believe that sleep is evolution’s way of improving survival by preventing animals from preying on each other 24 hours a day.
Consequence of Sleep Deprivation

It is hard to define just how much sleep is normal; different people seem to need different amounts. Sleep experts define “enough” sleep as how long a person would sleep if there were no alarm clocks; that is, left to decide entirely on your own, how long would you sleep? The other way to define it is how long one needs to sleep in order to feel alert and rested the next day. However, duration of sleep is not the only thing that matters –; the quality of sleep also matters.
Too little sleep or poor-quality sleep can cause a number of problems, including difficulty with short-term memory, concentration, depression, anxiety, irritability, poor energy and reduced libido. In short, quality of life at work and at home may suffer terribly due to insufficient or poor sleep. All of these problems may resolve when sleep duration increases or sleep quality improves.

One problem related to sleep deprivation deserves particular emphasis: Automobile and truck accidents attributed to sleepy drivers account for thousands of deaths each year.
Although the impact is uncertain in humans, sleep-deprived rodents have reduced immune function and higher susceptibility to infection.

Sleep Disorders

There are more than 80 individual sleep disorders, but they are divided into 4 main categories:
Dyssomnias, in which there is insomnia (difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep), sleepiness during the day, and abnormal sleep-wake timing; examples include sleep apnea and the effects of medications or alcohol Parasomnias, in which there is abnormal behavior around sleep, but without excessive sleepiness or insomnia; examples include sleepwalking or night terrors Medical-psychiatric sleep disorders, in which a condition that causes other problems disrupts or impairs sleep; examples include anxiety, depression, Parkinson’s disease, dementia or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Sleep problems that cannot be clearly separated from normal variation, or for which there is no consensus among experts; examples include pregnancy-associated sleep disorder and sleep hyperhidrosis (excessive and unexplained sweating during sleep)

Good Advice for Getting a Good Night’s Sleep

There are changes you can make to improve your chances of getting a good night’s sleep. Sleep experts call this “sleep hygiene,” and these measures are routinely recommended for almost anyone complaining of sleep trouble. Some are just common sense, but, unfortunately, many people for whom sleep is a problem do not recognize their importance. Here are some general guidelines to follow:

1.Establish a schedule and stick to it; sleep when you are sleepy but try to get up and go to bed each day at about the same time.
2.Use a fan or other means of creating a steady, soothing sound to drown out other noises.
3.Reduce alcohol and caffeine intake; avoid caffeine after noon and don’t use alcohol as a sedative before bed.
4.Get heavy curtains or shades to block out bright light early in the morning if you are awakening earlier than you’d like.
5.Check your medication list. Because some medicines can interfere with sleep, ask your doctor or pharmacist about the medicines you take.
6.Do not exercise vigorously after within several hours of bedtime.
7.Avoid heavy meals or excessive fluids within an hour or two of bedtime.

The Bottom Line
The importance of sleep is self-evident, yet much remains unknown or uncertain about how we sleep, why we sleep and how to improve sleep. One thing is certain, however: Sleep is not a passive process or a complete “shut down” of the body – many stages of sleep are as active for the mind as being awake. So, the next time you see someone sleeping, keep in mind that though the body may look quiet and peaceful, there is much more to the story.

(Source: yahoohealth)

Japanese way of choosing -“JANKEN”

There are many customs in Japan, and among them, “Janken” is one of the most useful. When two or more people are choosing what to order, they can decide easily and fairly by just using their hands.

Just memorize the three different hand gestures: 1 is called “goo,” which represents a stone. Simply clench your fingers into a fist. 2 is called “choki,” which represents scissors. Extend the index finger and middle finger, and close the rest of the fingers. 3 is called “par,” which represents paper. Simply extend all the fingers.

Participants say “Jan, ken, pon” in unison, then everyone displays either a “goo,” a “choki” or a “par.” “Goo” wins against “choki,” meaning a stone can break scissors. “Choki” wins against “par,” meaning scissors can cut paper, and “par” wins against “goo,” meaning paper can wrap up a stone. When the participants display the same gestures, they try again, saying “aikodesho” until a winner is found.

Many people think janken is a typical Japanese custom, but it is actually practiced in many different forms in other countries, too. It is said to have originated in China, but some say it began in Japan. Because of its convenience, janken is occasionally seen amongst daily life in Japan. It is indispensable for living in Japan and a Japanese culture.

(Source: Hiraganatimes)

Hope for a better life in a new country!

11 DEC 2008,

Dhana Maya Pyakurel is 82 years old. She spent the past 18 years penniless and stateless in a refugee camp in Nepal after being driven out of her country?Bhutan.

The food from relief agencies was never enough, water was scarce and she didn't have any warm clothes for the winter. What kept Dhana Maya going was the slim hope that she could see her homeland again before she dies.

That hope is not likely to be fulfilled. Instead, many of the 110,000 refugees here will be moving further away from Bhutan as they are resettled in third countries under an agreement brokered by the UN. After the process started in March, 7,297 refugees have already been sent to the US, Denmark, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia.
Human rights activists say that although resettlement addresses the immediate humanitarian needs of refugees, it lets the Bhutan regime get away with a deliberate process of ethnic cleansing. "The autocratic regime in Bhutan has never recognised us as citizens, and now everyone is washing their hands of us," says Chairman of the Human Rights Organization of Bhutan (HUROB) SB Subba.

However, there is growing support among younger refugees to opt for resettlement. They want to go to a new country to start over. Vice-chairman of the Bhutan Student Union Mukti Raj Gurung, who is also planning to relocate, says: "Our generation wants to belong somewhere, we don't want more uncertainty."

But there is also a fierce revolutionary streak gathering strength in the camps, and the anger is directed at the government that forced them out. More than 60 per cent of the Bhutan Communist Party-Marxist Leninist (Birat) consists of refugees aged less than 30. One supporter, Kalam, says resettlement just shifts the problem, adding: "To relocate the refugees is like rewarding the dictatorial regime in Bhutan." His party now has the avowed goal of overthrowing the Bhutan regime.

The rise of the Maoists in Nepal has bolstered support among the revolutionary-minded refugees in the camps. Kalam is already thinking ahead, "We'll have an international group of Lhotsampas soon."

Radicals like Kalam's group have been accused of threatening those who want to leave. Conflict between those who want to relocate and those who don't is common, although less so than earlier this year.

In May, three people were killed in bombs planted by hardliners opposing the resettlement. The WFP, UNHCR and IOM warned that further attacks could force them to reassess assistance to the camps.

But as news from recently resettled filter back to the camps, the numbers of those opting to go is swelling. "In spite of the conflict and the problems involved, we plan to cross eight thousand before Christmas," says David Dethrik, who heads the relocation program of UNHCR.
Among those who have relocated this year, 7,010 have gone to the US, 393 to Australia, 129 to New Zealand, 17 to the Netherlands, 13 to Denmark and 19 to Norway. The number of refugees who've applied for relocation has exceeded 63,000, while 3,200 are waiting for flights out before the end of the year.

(Source: Nepalitimes)

BITTER TRUTH OF LIFE!

Life is so precious Gift of God. The existence of its own body is only because of its soul. Till the soul is with us, our external personality is with us but when it leaves it, we are no more then a wooden block.

So it is the boon of Almighty that we born with the human personality. Being a human being doesn't mean that he/she is blessed but being a real humanity is the matter of concern. Now the world is changing in a rapid way but the attitude of one's being a human being is lacking. The technology and the advancement is on one side but if we see the attitude of human being, it is really a shameful. People are searching for something and running behind it like a following shadows but do they knew that in his/her destination, whether he/she is moving with a real soul? Do they move with a real humanity?Do they move selflessly? Do they move without overtaking others? I am sure this question will remain unanswered.

Completing human cycle-Getting born, infancy, toddlerhood, childhood, adolescent, adulthood, middle age, then old age doesn't mean that we achieved our destination of being a real soul. But if we esteem ourselves that what we did or what we are going to do, matters a lot.

Human being is also blessed with different senses compared to other creatures.We are having reasoning sense, vocal sense, imagination,expressions etc. So God gifted us all those not only for our own body but also to share among the human personality. That's why we have human facial expressions, like smiling expression, surprising expression, anger expression, sad expressions. So human being is having different voluntary and involuntary senses. At least if he/she is able to control its voluntary sense according to its situations and environment he/she is considered to be a human being.

A single words matter a lot. It can admire you if you are using it properly to proper person but if you fail, you will miss not only your own dignity but also respect from others. And you will be no more then a hatred. So being a human personality we need to enhance our mind.

"You should always learn ,with life comes wisdom and wisdom comes courage to live your life selflessly. The more you learn about yourselves and the experiences surrounding yourselves,the more opportunities you have to make your life better and more fulfilling".
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Written by-Anupama Poudel

Proud of you!

It is a great moment to all Nepalese living anywhere in the world to enjoy the achievement of the fellow Nepalese on the special occasion of successful test flight of aeroplane. It was a long cherished dream that actually comes true.

We have heard that Gehendra Shamshere and his team had designed aircraft that flew from Syoumbhu to Guheswori in the time of Rana regime(1846-1950A.D.). But it has not been confirmed. It was in the time of the dark ages of Rana regime that had kept the country in the isolation from the outside world and thereby pushed the country 100 years back.

Only after 1950s, we had an opportunity to get the education for all. So it is only about 60 years (that means 2 generations)that we have the chance to get education. Still many people have not been able to see the bright shade of the education. We need to do that. But in spite of all these odds we have full of talents and skill to drive the world!

Now the Nepalese people have been global in distribution serving their minds and shoulders in the service of humanity. The development of the nation very much depends upon the science and technology. Besides these there is need of feeling of the self identity and dignity. The successful test flight of the aircraft by Nepalese for the very first time has given impetus in this regards.

It is high time that we should appreciate the talent and the diligence of the team and motivate all others to come forward in the development of nation, wherever and whatever we are.

Congratulation to all who are directly and indirectly involved in this successful accomplishment!
Bravo ! You did it !

CONGRATULATIONS!!!

The video of the construction of aircraft can be seen in the following video:

SMS saved Life !

Maya ta Yasto hos!

Best Lesson

Once upon a time there was a king . One day he was distributing sweets to the people. There was queue for taking the sweets. There was a girl who was looking overall activities. King went to that girl and offered the sweets. But she denied and said that she would not take any sweets free of cost. King became surprised and asked why? She said, 'I have got such lessons that we should not take any things free of cost'. Then king asked from where you got such lessons; then the girl said she got such lesson from her mother. The king had strong desire to meet with her mother.

He met her mother and asked questions. The mother said that God have given us two hands and two legs to do work and fill the stomach which is located in between them. One can use others' property only if they are suffered from diseases or very old or very young and unable to do job physically. Otherwise it will be sin for taking anyone’s property free of cost. Then king asked where is your husband? Then she said he is no more in this world. He was rich and the property was sufficient for her to sustain but she sold them all. She added ," I had no any rights to use his property because I was her wife but I didn’t have contributed any thing for that property. And I used that money for constructing well and pond so that people and animal can drink water." Now a days she used to go jungle and brings firewood and sell in the market and used money for daily activities and she was totally satisfied from her job. The king was shocked from her great thinking and said that he got the best lesson ever from her.

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(The contribution was made by Er. Pradeep Uprety.)

Happy International Children's Day !

November the 20th is International Children’s Day. According to UNICEF’s 2007 statistics there are 60,000 children dying each day, with 26,000 under the age of 5. Today we highlight and salute some of our record breakers who have raised money and awareness for children’s charities:

Largest rag doll
The largest rag doll measured 4.62 m (15 ft 2 in) tall and was made by volunteers to support the UNICEF vaccination campaign in Genova, Italy in 2005

Most people breast feeding
The most women breast feeding simultaneously was 3,541 at an event organised by Children for Breastfeeding Inc., and the City of Manila in partnership with Nurturers of the Earth Inc., UNICEF and the Department of Health of the Republic of the Philippines at the San Andres Sports Complex and Cultural Center, Malate, Manila, Philippines on 4 May 2006

Most valuable collection of coins
The most valuable pile of coins had a total value of 44,395,727.96 Portugese escudos (£152,217) and consisted of 666,809 Portuguese coins of various denominations. Gathered by Realizar-Eventos Especiais and counted at the Portuguese Pavilion at Expo 98, Lisbon on 30 September 1998, the amount raised was donated to UNICEF.

Most sovereign countries visited in six months
John Bougen and James Irving (both New Zealand) visited 191 of the world's 193 sovereign countries in 167 days 15 hr 39 min from 28 August 2002 to 12 February 2003. Their journey, called All Nations Quest, was in support of the Save the Children charity.


Source:Guiness World

Travelling back to Ancient Rome !

Google launches Ancient Rome 3D on Google Earth, making it easy and fun to explore the historic city as it stood centuries ago.

Through Google Earth, students, teachers, tourists and historians can:

• View a virtual representation of the city in 320 AD at the height of its development as the capital of the Roman Empire.


• Fly around the city using Google Earth's unique navigation.
  Explore more than 6700 historic buildings.


• Zoom in to discover the detailed interiors of eleven ancient structures including the Colosseum.


• Learn about Ancient Rome through information bubbles written by expert historians.

Ancient Rome 3D is one of the most extensive collections of three-dimensional buildings - and the first ancient city - to be found on Google Earth. Within the Ancient Rome 3D layer users can visit the Roman Forum, stand in the centre of the Colosseum, trace the footsteps of the gladiators in the Ludus Magnus, stand on the Rostra, swoop over the Basilica Julia, fly under The Arch of Constantine or even examine the detail on the facade of the Basilica of Maxentius. The project has been developed by Google in collaboration with Past Perfect Productions and the University of California, Los Angeles and the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH) at the University of Virginia.

The video is

Source: Google

बैंक : मन्दिरदेखि कफीहाउससम्म

---बिनु रिजाल

आर्थिक कारोबारका लागि अहिले मानिसहरू बैंकको ढोका चहार्छन् । प्राचीन समयमा आर्थिक कारोबारका लागि मानिसहरू बैंक हैन मन्दिरमा जाने गरेको देखिन्छ । प्राचीन विश्वमा धेरै मानिसको पैसाको कारोबार गर्ने र सामान धितोमा राख्ने केन्द्रका रूपमा मन्दिरहरू विकास भएका थिए ।

ऋण, बचत र धितो बैंकिङ क्षेत्रमा सबै भन्दा बढी प्रयोग हुने शब्द हुन् । परापूर्व कालमा यी शब्दहरू चर्चामा थिएन । परापूर्व कालमा अहिलेका जस्ता आधुनिक बैंक पनि थिएनन् । सामान किन्न जाँदा एक झोला पैसा बोकेर जानुपर्थ्यो । पैसा चोरी हुने डर थियो । त्यसो त अहिलेको जस्तो पैसा सिक्का र नोटमा पनि हुँदैनथ्यो । 'बार्टर सिस्टम'मा हामीले प्रयोग गर्ने वस्तु तथा जनावरहरू नै लेनदेनका माध्यम थिए । प्राचीन विश्वमा धार्मिक मन्दिरहरूलाई पहिलो 'बैंकका रूपमा लिइन्थ्यो । पैसाको आविष्कार हुनुभन्दा अगाडि नै मन्दिरहरू बनिसकेका थिए । निक्षेप संकलन र ऋण प्रदान गर्ने कामसमेत मन्दिरले गर्दथे । निक्षेप, धरौटी र ऋणका रूपमा पहिले अन्नपात, घरपालुवा जनावर र कृषिक्षेत्रमा प्रयोग गरिने औजारहरू प्रयोग हुन्थे । त्यसपछि बिस्तारै बहुमूल्य सुन, चाँदीजस्ता धातुहरू प्रयोग हुन थाले । मन्दिर तथा दरबारहरू अन्य ठाउँभन्दा सुरक्षित थिए । राम्रोसित बनाइएकाले मन्दिरमा चोरी हुने सम्भावना कम हुन्थ्यो । मन्दिरमा धरौटी वा आफ्ना सम्पत्ति सुरक्षाका लागि राखिने चलन थियो । यसरी सामान धितोमा राख्नेले मन्दिरबाट कर्जा पनि लिन पाउँथ्यो ।

इसाको १८ औँ शताब्दीपूर्व बेबिलोनमा रहेका मन्दिरका पुजारीले व्यापारीलाई ऋण दिन थाले । त्यतिखेर बेबिलोनमा हाम्मुरावी संहिता लागू हुँदासम्म त बैंकिङ प्रक्रिया लागू गर्ने कानुनको विकास भइसकेको थियो । प्राचीन गि्रसमा पनि परापूर्व कालदेखि नै बैंकिङ पद्धति भएको देखिन्छ । गि्रसका मन्दिरहरूले ऋण, धरौटी, सिक्का सट्टापट्टा र सिक्काको आधिकारिकता प्रदान गर्ने काम गर्थे ।गि्रसको तटमा ऋण लिएको एउटा तथ्य पनि छ । पैसा तिरेका एक ग्राहकका लागि व्यापारीले सानो चिटमा 'नगद' लेख्थे । त्यो चिट देखाएर ती मानिसले अर्का सहरका व्यापारीबाट पैसा लिनसक्ने व्यवस्था गरिएको थियो ।

पाँचौँ शताब्दी इसापूर्वतिर पाइथियसले एसिया माइनरभरि 'मर्चेन्ट बैंक' चलाए । उनी नै पहिलो 'बैंकर' हुन् । गि्रसका सहरमा थुप्र्रै 'विदेशी' बैंकरहरू भएको बताइन्छ । ३७१ इसापूर्वमा दास भएर जन्मिएका पाइसियन गि्रसका सबैभन्दा धनी र प्रख्यात बैंकर बने । मेडिटेरियन विश्वमा ऋणमा आधारित बैंकिङहरू वृद्धि भए । इजिप्टमा पहिलेदेखि नै धातुका साथ अन्नपातलाई पैसाका रूपमा लिइँदै आएको थियो । त्यहाँ राष्ट्रको बैंकका रूपमा अन्नपात गृहस्थापना गरिएको थियो । टोलिमिजको गि्रक शासनअन्तर्गत -३३०-३२० इशापूर्व) इजिप्ट परेपछि, छरिएर रहेका असंख्य बैंकलाई थुप्रै खाद्यान्न बैंकहरूमा परिवर्तन गरियो । अलेक्जान्दि्रयामा यसको मुख्य शाखा खोलियो । केन्द्रीय बैंकमा देशभरिका खाद्यान्न बैंकमा भएका कारोबारको रेकर्ड राख्ने गरिन्थ्यो । यी खाद्यान्न बैंकको सन्जालले क्रेडिट सिस्टममा काम गथ्र्यो । तेस्रो शताब्दी इसापूर्वतिर एजियन आइल्यान्डको डिलोसले बैंकिङ क्षेत्रका रूपमा प्रख्याति पायो । रोममा स्थापना भएका बैंकहरू प्रायः यही मोडलमा आधारित थिए । प्राचीन रोमले बैंकिङका प्रशासनिक पाटोमा निकै सुधार गर्‍यो । वित्तीय संस्था र वित्तीय अभ्यासमा नियमहरूको विकास भयो । ऋणमा ब्याज र धरौटीमा ब्याज निकै प्रतिस्पर्धी तथा धेरै विकसित भयो । तर, रोमन बैंकहरू सीमित थिए । रोमन सम्राट् ग्यालिनियस (२६०-२६८) को शासनमा बैंकिङ सिस्टममा अस्थायी रूपमा रोक लाग्यो । ग्यालिनियसले बनाएका सिक्कालाई बैंकले अस्वीकार गरेपछि अस्थायी रूपमा बैंकमा रोक लागेको हो । क्रिस्चियानिटीको आगमनपछि बैंकिङ सिस्टममा थप प्रतिबन्ध लाग्यो । क्रिस्चियानिटीले ब्याजमा कर्जा लिनुलाई अनैतिक काम मान्दथ्यो । यसरी कर्जा लिने मानिसलाई त्यतिबेलाको समाजले नैतिक पतन भएको जस्तो व्यवहार गर्दथ्यो । रोमन साम्राज्यको पतनसँगै पश्चिमा युरोपमा बैंकलाई बेवास्ता गरियो । सन् ११०० तिर 'धर्मयुद्ध'मा धेरै पैसा एक ठाउँबाट अर्काे ठाउँमा सार्नुपरेकाले बैंकको पुनरागमन भयो । ११५६ मा जेनोआमा पहिलो विदेशी एक्सेन्च कन्ट्राक्ट स्थापना भयो । दुई दाजुभाइले ११५ जिनोइज पाउन्ड एक्सेन्जमार्फत कारोबार गर्न लिए । त्यो पैसा आफ्नो कन्स्टान्टिनोपोलको एजेन्टमार्फत एक महिनापछि 'धर्मयोद्धा' फर्काउने सहमति भएको थियो । यसपछिका शताब्दीमा यस्ता किसिमका सम्झौतामा वृद्धि भयो । समयको फरकका कारण हुने फाइदालाई अनैतिक मानिँदैनथ्यो । सन् ११६२ मा राजा हेनरी द्वितीयले 'धर्मयुद्ध' का लागि सहयोग गर्न कर लगाए । मन्दिरका कर्मचारी र अस्पतालका स्टाफहरूले होलील्यान्डमा बैंकरको काम गरे । आधुनिक पश्चिमा वित्तीय संस्था र वित्तीय इतिहास लन्डनको कफीहाउसबाट सुरु भएको मानिन्छ । १५६५ मा लन्डन रोयल एक्सचेन्जको स्थापना भयो । त्यतिबेलासम्म पैसाको सट्टापट्टा गर्ने व्यक्तिले आफूलाई 'बैंकर्स' भन्न थालिसकेका थिए । 'बैंक' भन्नाले बैंकरको अफिसलाई बुझन्थ्यो । बैंक शब्दको अहिलेको जस्तो अर्थ थिएन । बैंकहरूको पनि श्रेणी थियो । राज्यका प्रमुखसँग सोझै कारोबार गर्ने प्रथम श्रेणीका बैंकर हुन्थे भने पैसा सट्टापट्टा गर्ने सहरका केन्द्रहरू दोस्रो श्रेणीमा पर्थे । धितो पसल -लोम्बार्ड) तेस्रो नम्बरमा पर्थे । अहिले पनि केही युरोपेली सहरमा लोम्बार्ड स्टि्रटहरू छन् जहाँ धितो पसल रहेका छन् ।

१६०९ मा एम्सटर्डममा एम्सटर्डम एक्सचेन्ज बैंक स्थापना भयो । औद्योगिक क्रान्ति नहुन्जेलसम्म एम्सटर्डम विश्वको वित्तीय केन्द्र बन्यो । एडम स्मिथ (१७७६) को समयवरिपरि बैंकिङ उद्योगमा व्यापक वृद्धि भयो । स्वामित्व र लगानीको प्रणालीले वित्तीय मामिलामा राज्यको हस्तक्षेपलाई घटायो, प्रतिस्पर्धासामु रहेका तगारा हटायो । भारतमा १८ औँ शताब्दीको पहिलो दशकमा बैंकिङ प्रणालीको उदय भयो । भारतमा स्थापित पहिला बैंकहरूमा जनरल बैङक अफ इन्डिया (१७८६) र बैंक अफ हिन्दुस्तान थिए । अहिले यी दुवै बैंक अस्तित्वमा छैनन् । अस्तित्वमा रहेकामध्ये सबैभन्दा पुरानो स्टेट बैंक अफ इन्डिया हो । यसको सुरुवात १८०६ मा कलकत्ता द बैंक अफ बंगालका रूपमा भएको थियो ।

Source : Naya Patrika

Ama ko Muhar

Gopal Krishna

Nepali National Anthem

Feelings from the heart !

"Bashudaiva Kutumbhakam"

Ancient sages have taught us that world is a common ground for all and we should have the feeling of the brotherhood. The relevance of this thing in the present context is still high because the ego of being superior to other still exists. There are still many followers of different religions, faiths or ideologies who try to either hate others or do not want to coexist peacefully.

The ideology of religion is self discipline and to the highest extent to achieve the self realization. Allmost all religions preach not to hurt others, help the needy and give due respect to elders and love to the youngers. When the destination is same why we should argue and impose to others one's ideology of religion to others. We must try our best to coexist in peaceful religious life.

Another biggest thing we should take care is the politics. Politics has often been described as the dirty game. Even then it the thing which runs in every moment of our life everywhere. It is like the head of the society which governs all the major things. The political ideology may be communism, democracy or the worst case the dictatorship. It is in the interest of all to give the best chance to people to explore the highest possible thing. Politics should not be the ends but should be the means of progress and prosperity.

(To be continued..)