Maya ta Yasto hos!

Best Lesson

Once upon a time there was a king . One day he was distributing sweets to the people. There was queue for taking the sweets. There was a girl who was looking overall activities. King went to that girl and offered the sweets. But she denied and said that she would not take any sweets free of cost. King became surprised and asked why? She said, 'I have got such lessons that we should not take any things free of cost'. Then king asked from where you got such lessons; then the girl said she got such lesson from her mother. The king had strong desire to meet with her mother.

He met her mother and asked questions. The mother said that God have given us two hands and two legs to do work and fill the stomach which is located in between them. One can use others' property only if they are suffered from diseases or very old or very young and unable to do job physically. Otherwise it will be sin for taking anyone’s property free of cost. Then king asked where is your husband? Then she said he is no more in this world. He was rich and the property was sufficient for her to sustain but she sold them all. She added ," I had no any rights to use his property because I was her wife but I didn’t have contributed any thing for that property. And I used that money for constructing well and pond so that people and animal can drink water." Now a days she used to go jungle and brings firewood and sell in the market and used money for daily activities and she was totally satisfied from her job. The king was shocked from her great thinking and said that he got the best lesson ever from her.

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(The contribution was made by Er. Pradeep Uprety.)

Happy International Children's Day !

November the 20th is International Children’s Day. According to UNICEF’s 2007 statistics there are 60,000 children dying each day, with 26,000 under the age of 5. Today we highlight and salute some of our record breakers who have raised money and awareness for children’s charities:

Largest rag doll
The largest rag doll measured 4.62 m (15 ft 2 in) tall and was made by volunteers to support the UNICEF vaccination campaign in Genova, Italy in 2005

Most people breast feeding
The most women breast feeding simultaneously was 3,541 at an event organised by Children for Breastfeeding Inc., and the City of Manila in partnership with Nurturers of the Earth Inc., UNICEF and the Department of Health of the Republic of the Philippines at the San Andres Sports Complex and Cultural Center, Malate, Manila, Philippines on 4 May 2006

Most valuable collection of coins
The most valuable pile of coins had a total value of 44,395,727.96 Portugese escudos (£152,217) and consisted of 666,809 Portuguese coins of various denominations. Gathered by Realizar-Eventos Especiais and counted at the Portuguese Pavilion at Expo 98, Lisbon on 30 September 1998, the amount raised was donated to UNICEF.

Most sovereign countries visited in six months
John Bougen and James Irving (both New Zealand) visited 191 of the world's 193 sovereign countries in 167 days 15 hr 39 min from 28 August 2002 to 12 February 2003. Their journey, called All Nations Quest, was in support of the Save the Children charity.


Source:Guiness World

Travelling back to Ancient Rome !

Google launches Ancient Rome 3D on Google Earth, making it easy and fun to explore the historic city as it stood centuries ago.

Through Google Earth, students, teachers, tourists and historians can:

• View a virtual representation of the city in 320 AD at the height of its development as the capital of the Roman Empire.


• Fly around the city using Google Earth's unique navigation.
  Explore more than 6700 historic buildings.


• Zoom in to discover the detailed interiors of eleven ancient structures including the Colosseum.


• Learn about Ancient Rome through information bubbles written by expert historians.

Ancient Rome 3D is one of the most extensive collections of three-dimensional buildings - and the first ancient city - to be found on Google Earth. Within the Ancient Rome 3D layer users can visit the Roman Forum, stand in the centre of the Colosseum, trace the footsteps of the gladiators in the Ludus Magnus, stand on the Rostra, swoop over the Basilica Julia, fly under The Arch of Constantine or even examine the detail on the facade of the Basilica of Maxentius. The project has been developed by Google in collaboration with Past Perfect Productions and the University of California, Los Angeles and the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH) at the University of Virginia.

The video is

Source: Google

बैंक : मन्दिरदेखि कफीहाउससम्म

---बिनु रिजाल

आर्थिक कारोबारका लागि अहिले मानिसहरू बैंकको ढोका चहार्छन् । प्राचीन समयमा आर्थिक कारोबारका लागि मानिसहरू बैंक हैन मन्दिरमा जाने गरेको देखिन्छ । प्राचीन विश्वमा धेरै मानिसको पैसाको कारोबार गर्ने र सामान धितोमा राख्ने केन्द्रका रूपमा मन्दिरहरू विकास भएका थिए ।

ऋण, बचत र धितो बैंकिङ क्षेत्रमा सबै भन्दा बढी प्रयोग हुने शब्द हुन् । परापूर्व कालमा यी शब्दहरू चर्चामा थिएन । परापूर्व कालमा अहिलेका जस्ता आधुनिक बैंक पनि थिएनन् । सामान किन्न जाँदा एक झोला पैसा बोकेर जानुपर्थ्यो । पैसा चोरी हुने डर थियो । त्यसो त अहिलेको जस्तो पैसा सिक्का र नोटमा पनि हुँदैनथ्यो । 'बार्टर सिस्टम'मा हामीले प्रयोग गर्ने वस्तु तथा जनावरहरू नै लेनदेनका माध्यम थिए । प्राचीन विश्वमा धार्मिक मन्दिरहरूलाई पहिलो 'बैंकका रूपमा लिइन्थ्यो । पैसाको आविष्कार हुनुभन्दा अगाडि नै मन्दिरहरू बनिसकेका थिए । निक्षेप संकलन र ऋण प्रदान गर्ने कामसमेत मन्दिरले गर्दथे । निक्षेप, धरौटी र ऋणका रूपमा पहिले अन्नपात, घरपालुवा जनावर र कृषिक्षेत्रमा प्रयोग गरिने औजारहरू प्रयोग हुन्थे । त्यसपछि बिस्तारै बहुमूल्य सुन, चाँदीजस्ता धातुहरू प्रयोग हुन थाले । मन्दिर तथा दरबारहरू अन्य ठाउँभन्दा सुरक्षित थिए । राम्रोसित बनाइएकाले मन्दिरमा चोरी हुने सम्भावना कम हुन्थ्यो । मन्दिरमा धरौटी वा आफ्ना सम्पत्ति सुरक्षाका लागि राखिने चलन थियो । यसरी सामान धितोमा राख्नेले मन्दिरबाट कर्जा पनि लिन पाउँथ्यो ।

इसाको १८ औँ शताब्दीपूर्व बेबिलोनमा रहेका मन्दिरका पुजारीले व्यापारीलाई ऋण दिन थाले । त्यतिखेर बेबिलोनमा हाम्मुरावी संहिता लागू हुँदासम्म त बैंकिङ प्रक्रिया लागू गर्ने कानुनको विकास भइसकेको थियो । प्राचीन गि्रसमा पनि परापूर्व कालदेखि नै बैंकिङ पद्धति भएको देखिन्छ । गि्रसका मन्दिरहरूले ऋण, धरौटी, सिक्का सट्टापट्टा र सिक्काको आधिकारिकता प्रदान गर्ने काम गर्थे ।गि्रसको तटमा ऋण लिएको एउटा तथ्य पनि छ । पैसा तिरेका एक ग्राहकका लागि व्यापारीले सानो चिटमा 'नगद' लेख्थे । त्यो चिट देखाएर ती मानिसले अर्का सहरका व्यापारीबाट पैसा लिनसक्ने व्यवस्था गरिएको थियो ।

पाँचौँ शताब्दी इसापूर्वतिर पाइथियसले एसिया माइनरभरि 'मर्चेन्ट बैंक' चलाए । उनी नै पहिलो 'बैंकर' हुन् । गि्रसका सहरमा थुप्र्रै 'विदेशी' बैंकरहरू भएको बताइन्छ । ३७१ इसापूर्वमा दास भएर जन्मिएका पाइसियन गि्रसका सबैभन्दा धनी र प्रख्यात बैंकर बने । मेडिटेरियन विश्वमा ऋणमा आधारित बैंकिङहरू वृद्धि भए । इजिप्टमा पहिलेदेखि नै धातुका साथ अन्नपातलाई पैसाका रूपमा लिइँदै आएको थियो । त्यहाँ राष्ट्रको बैंकका रूपमा अन्नपात गृहस्थापना गरिएको थियो । टोलिमिजको गि्रक शासनअन्तर्गत -३३०-३२० इशापूर्व) इजिप्ट परेपछि, छरिएर रहेका असंख्य बैंकलाई थुप्रै खाद्यान्न बैंकहरूमा परिवर्तन गरियो । अलेक्जान्दि्रयामा यसको मुख्य शाखा खोलियो । केन्द्रीय बैंकमा देशभरिका खाद्यान्न बैंकमा भएका कारोबारको रेकर्ड राख्ने गरिन्थ्यो । यी खाद्यान्न बैंकको सन्जालले क्रेडिट सिस्टममा काम गथ्र्यो । तेस्रो शताब्दी इसापूर्वतिर एजियन आइल्यान्डको डिलोसले बैंकिङ क्षेत्रका रूपमा प्रख्याति पायो । रोममा स्थापना भएका बैंकहरू प्रायः यही मोडलमा आधारित थिए । प्राचीन रोमले बैंकिङका प्रशासनिक पाटोमा निकै सुधार गर्‍यो । वित्तीय संस्था र वित्तीय अभ्यासमा नियमहरूको विकास भयो । ऋणमा ब्याज र धरौटीमा ब्याज निकै प्रतिस्पर्धी तथा धेरै विकसित भयो । तर, रोमन बैंकहरू सीमित थिए । रोमन सम्राट् ग्यालिनियस (२६०-२६८) को शासनमा बैंकिङ सिस्टममा अस्थायी रूपमा रोक लाग्यो । ग्यालिनियसले बनाएका सिक्कालाई बैंकले अस्वीकार गरेपछि अस्थायी रूपमा बैंकमा रोक लागेको हो । क्रिस्चियानिटीको आगमनपछि बैंकिङ सिस्टममा थप प्रतिबन्ध लाग्यो । क्रिस्चियानिटीले ब्याजमा कर्जा लिनुलाई अनैतिक काम मान्दथ्यो । यसरी कर्जा लिने मानिसलाई त्यतिबेलाको समाजले नैतिक पतन भएको जस्तो व्यवहार गर्दथ्यो । रोमन साम्राज्यको पतनसँगै पश्चिमा युरोपमा बैंकलाई बेवास्ता गरियो । सन् ११०० तिर 'धर्मयुद्ध'मा धेरै पैसा एक ठाउँबाट अर्काे ठाउँमा सार्नुपरेकाले बैंकको पुनरागमन भयो । ११५६ मा जेनोआमा पहिलो विदेशी एक्सेन्च कन्ट्राक्ट स्थापना भयो । दुई दाजुभाइले ११५ जिनोइज पाउन्ड एक्सेन्जमार्फत कारोबार गर्न लिए । त्यो पैसा आफ्नो कन्स्टान्टिनोपोलको एजेन्टमार्फत एक महिनापछि 'धर्मयोद्धा' फर्काउने सहमति भएको थियो । यसपछिका शताब्दीमा यस्ता किसिमका सम्झौतामा वृद्धि भयो । समयको फरकका कारण हुने फाइदालाई अनैतिक मानिँदैनथ्यो । सन् ११६२ मा राजा हेनरी द्वितीयले 'धर्मयुद्ध' का लागि सहयोग गर्न कर लगाए । मन्दिरका कर्मचारी र अस्पतालका स्टाफहरूले होलील्यान्डमा बैंकरको काम गरे । आधुनिक पश्चिमा वित्तीय संस्था र वित्तीय इतिहास लन्डनको कफीहाउसबाट सुरु भएको मानिन्छ । १५६५ मा लन्डन रोयल एक्सचेन्जको स्थापना भयो । त्यतिबेलासम्म पैसाको सट्टापट्टा गर्ने व्यक्तिले आफूलाई 'बैंकर्स' भन्न थालिसकेका थिए । 'बैंक' भन्नाले बैंकरको अफिसलाई बुझन्थ्यो । बैंक शब्दको अहिलेको जस्तो अर्थ थिएन । बैंकहरूको पनि श्रेणी थियो । राज्यका प्रमुखसँग सोझै कारोबार गर्ने प्रथम श्रेणीका बैंकर हुन्थे भने पैसा सट्टापट्टा गर्ने सहरका केन्द्रहरू दोस्रो श्रेणीमा पर्थे । धितो पसल -लोम्बार्ड) तेस्रो नम्बरमा पर्थे । अहिले पनि केही युरोपेली सहरमा लोम्बार्ड स्टि्रटहरू छन् जहाँ धितो पसल रहेका छन् ।

१६०९ मा एम्सटर्डममा एम्सटर्डम एक्सचेन्ज बैंक स्थापना भयो । औद्योगिक क्रान्ति नहुन्जेलसम्म एम्सटर्डम विश्वको वित्तीय केन्द्र बन्यो । एडम स्मिथ (१७७६) को समयवरिपरि बैंकिङ उद्योगमा व्यापक वृद्धि भयो । स्वामित्व र लगानीको प्रणालीले वित्तीय मामिलामा राज्यको हस्तक्षेपलाई घटायो, प्रतिस्पर्धासामु रहेका तगारा हटायो । भारतमा १८ औँ शताब्दीको पहिलो दशकमा बैंकिङ प्रणालीको उदय भयो । भारतमा स्थापित पहिला बैंकहरूमा जनरल बैङक अफ इन्डिया (१७८६) र बैंक अफ हिन्दुस्तान थिए । अहिले यी दुवै बैंक अस्तित्वमा छैनन् । अस्तित्वमा रहेकामध्ये सबैभन्दा पुरानो स्टेट बैंक अफ इन्डिया हो । यसको सुरुवात १८०६ मा कलकत्ता द बैंक अफ बंगालका रूपमा भएको थियो ।

Source : Naya Patrika

Ama ko Muhar

Gopal Krishna

Nepali National Anthem

Feelings from the heart !

"Bashudaiva Kutumbhakam"

Ancient sages have taught us that world is a common ground for all and we should have the feeling of the brotherhood. The relevance of this thing in the present context is still high because the ego of being superior to other still exists. There are still many followers of different religions, faiths or ideologies who try to either hate others or do not want to coexist peacefully.

The ideology of religion is self discipline and to the highest extent to achieve the self realization. Allmost all religions preach not to hurt others, help the needy and give due respect to elders and love to the youngers. When the destination is same why we should argue and impose to others one's ideology of religion to others. We must try our best to coexist in peaceful religious life.

Another biggest thing we should take care is the politics. Politics has often been described as the dirty game. Even then it the thing which runs in every moment of our life everywhere. It is like the head of the society which governs all the major things. The political ideology may be communism, democracy or the worst case the dictatorship. It is in the interest of all to give the best chance to people to explore the highest possible thing. Politics should not be the ends but should be the means of progress and prosperity.

(To be continued..)